Which pathophysiological process is associated with chronic bronchitis?

Chronic bronchitis is primarily characterized by the persistent inflammation of the bronchi, which leads to marked changes in the airway structure. The correct choice highlights the pathophysiological process of mucous gland enlargement and goblet cell hyperplasia. In chronic bronchitis, prolonged exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke or environmental pollutants leads to an increase in the size and number of mucus-secreting glands in the airways. This increase in mucus production, combined with goblet cell hyperplasia, results in excessive mucus secretion.

This overproduction of mucus is a hallmark of chronic bronchitis and contributes to the symptoms of the disease, including chronic cough and sputum production. The enlarged mucus glands and hyperplastic goblet cells impede airflow and trap pathogens, which can exacerbate inflammation and lead to further airway obstruction.

While other processes might occur in chronic respiratory conditions, the enlargement of the mucous glands and increased number of goblet cells directly correlate with the persistent cough and sputum that define chronic bronchitis.